Description of Potential Diseases:
Cat-scratch Disease (A,B)
Transmission vehicle: Most commonly by kittens, also spread by cats & dogs, with fleas as intermediate hosts
Bacteria: Bartonella henselae
Causes: Bites and scratches by infected vehicle, contact with infected vehicle’s saliva on open lesions
Signs and symptoms: Bump or blister at site of injury, swelling of lymph nodes near sit of injury, fatigue, low fever, headache, malaise & enlarged spleen (less common)
Epidemiology: Found world wide (1, 9)
Lyme Disease (A,B)
Transmission vehicle: Ticks on cats and dogs.
Bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi
Causes: Bite of infected tick.
Signs and symptoms: Fever, skin rash, joint inflammation, and flu-like symptoms
Epidemiology: USA (6, 10)
Rat-bite Fever (A,B)
Transmission vehicle: Fluids in the mouth or nose or urine of an infected rodent.
Bacteria: Streptobacillus moniliformis & Spirillum minus
Causes: Bite of an infected rodent or contact with its secretions
Signs and symptoms: Fever, rash (red or purple plaques), headache and muscle ache.
Epidemiology: Japan, Australia, Africa, North and South America, and Europe. (5, 12)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (A,B)
Transmission vehicle: Ticks on cats and dogs.
Bacteria: Rickettsia rickettsii
Causes: Bite of infected tick
Signs and symptoms: Fever, rash, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.
Epidemiology: Asia and USA (3, 9)
Toxoplasmosis (A, B)
Transmission vehicle: Most commonly in cats, and also by birds and other animals
Bacteria: Toxoplasma gondii
Causes: Ingestion of contaminated soil, careless handling of cat litter, ingestion of raw or undercooked meat
Signs and symptoms: swollen lymph glands, muscle aches, reduced/blurred vision, fever & headache
Epidemiology: More common in North America (2, 13)
Typhoid Disease (A,B)
Transmission vehicle: Ticks carrying the bacteria previously in contact with chronic stool carrier.
Bacteria: Salmonella typhi & Salmonella paratyphi
Causes: Ingestion of contaminated food or water, sewage & shellfish
Signs and symptoms: Severe headache, fever, loss of appetite, fatigue, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal tenderness, rose spots on lower chest and abdomen, high fever & bloody stools
Epidemiology: Found worldwide, especially in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Oceania (4, 7)
Typhus (A,B)
Transmission vehicle: Ticks and fleas on rats and cats.
Bacteria: Rickettsia typhi (murine or endemic) & Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic)
Causes: Bite of infected flea or tick.
Signs and symptoms: Extremely high fever, dull red rash that begins on middle of the body and spreads, nausea, vomiting and headache
Epidemiology: USA (11, 14)
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Preliminary diagnosis:
The symptoms of these disease includes rashes, high fever, and general weakness (fatigue) (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14):
1. Lyme Disease
2. Rat-bite Fever
3. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
4. Typhoid Fever
5. Typhus
Cat Scratch Disease is rejected due to the following reasons:
- The symptoms of Cat Scratch Disease does not include rash, which is one of the prominent features of this situation
- The fever caused by Cat Scratch Disease is low, however, in this situation, the patient's fever is high. (1, 9)
Toxoplasmosis is rejected due to the following reason:
- The symptoms of Toxoplasmosis does not include both general weakness (fatigue) and rash, which are symptoms found on the patient. (2, 13)
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References:
1. American Uveitis Society. (2003). Cat-Scratch Disease. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from http://www.uveitissociety.org/pages/index.html > Search> Search: Cat scratch disease > Cat-Scratch Disease
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Toxoplasmosis. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/index.htm > Search: Toxoplasmosis > Toxoplasmosis: Index | CDC Parasitic Diseases > Fact Sheet: Toxoplasmosis
3. Chinese University of Hong Kong. (2006). Rickettsia. Retrieved May 6, 2007, from www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk > Search Rickettsia > Rickettsia
4. eMedicine. (2006). Typhoid Fever. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from http://www.emedicine.com/ > eMedicine Specialties > Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery > Infectious Diseases > Typhoid Fever.
5. HeathAtoZ.(2002). Rat-bite Fever. Retrieved 10 May, from, www.healthatoz.com > Search: Rat-bite Fever > Rat-bite Fever
6. Mayoclinic.com. (2006). Lyme Disease. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from www.mayoclinic.com > Search: Lyme Disease > Lyme Disease
7. Medline Plus. (2005). Typhoid Fever. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > To-Tz > Typhoid Fever
8. Medline Plus. (2005). Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Search: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever > Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
9. Medline Plus. (2005). Cat scratch disease. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://medlineplus.gov/ > Medical Encyclopedia > C-Cg > Cat scratch disease
10. Medline Plus. (2005). Lyme Disease. Retrieved May 8, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Search: Lyme Disease > Lyme Disease
11. Medline Plus. (2005). Typhus. Retrieved May 7, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Search: Typhus > Typhus
12. Medline Plus. (2005). Rat-bite Fever. Retrieved May 6, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Search: Rat-bite Fever > Rat-bite Fever
13. Medline Plus. (2006). Toxoplasmosis. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > To-Tz > Toxoplasmosis
14. Wikipedia. (2007). Typhus. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from www.wikipedia.org > Search: Typhus > Typhus
*NOTE*
Direct links under (A,B)
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Charmaine~
Lizzie~
Adrian~
Joan~
Ye Tun~
Ai Tee~
Kent~
Showing posts with label Case Study. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Case Study. Show all posts
Saturday, May 5, 2007
Wednesday, April 25, 2007
MMIC: Case Study 1
A 85-year-old male was found to be staying alone in a one-room flat. It is found that his mattress was soiled with human excreta and urine. The premise is infested with cockroaches, fleas and rats. It is known to the nieghbours that the elderly man has the habit of feeding stray dogs and cats in the neighbourhood.
The elderly man was referred to a nursing home and is presented with high fever, rash and general weakness.
How would you approach this situation in order to provide the final diagonosis of the suspected microorganisms?
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Potential diseases:
1. Cat Scratch Disease
Medline Plus. (2005). Cat scratch disease. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://medlineplus.gov/ > Medical Encyclopedia > C-Cg > Cat scratch disease
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of Cat Scratch Disease.
2. Lyme Disease
Mayo Clinic. (2007). Lyme Disease. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/ > Search: Lyme Disease > Lyme Disease
Information on the introduction, signs & symptoms, causes, risk factors, when to seek medical help, screening and diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Lyme Disease
3. Rat-bite Fever
Medline Plus. (2005). Rat-bite Fever. Retrieved May 7, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > R > Rat-bite Fever
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of rat-bite fever.
4. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Medline Plus. (2005). Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://medlineplus.gov/ > Medical Encyclopedia > R > Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
5. Toxoplasmosis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Toxoplasmosis. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/index.htm > Search: Toxoplasmosis > Toxoplasmosis: Index | CDC Parasitic Diseases > Fact Sheet: Toxoplasmosis
Information on the definition, incidences, symptoms, who are the people at risk, what to do if at risk of severe toxoplasmosis or contracting toxoplasmosis, prevention, treatment, will infected cats be able to remain at home and will they always spread the disease to people.
6. Typhoid Fever
Medline Plus. (2005). Typhoid Fever. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > To-Tz > Typhoid Fever
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of typhoid fever.
7. Typhus
Medline Plus. (2005). Typhus. Retrieved May 8, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > To-Tz > Typhus
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of typhus.
-------------------------------------------------------
Charmaine~
Lizzie~
Adrian~
Joan~
Ye Tun~
Ai Tee~
Kent~
The elderly man was referred to a nursing home and is presented with high fever, rash and general weakness.
How would you approach this situation in order to provide the final diagonosis of the suspected microorganisms?
-------------------------------------------------------
Potential diseases:
1. Cat Scratch Disease
Medline Plus. (2005). Cat scratch disease. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://medlineplus.gov/ > Medical Encyclopedia > C-Cg > Cat scratch disease
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of Cat Scratch Disease.
2. Lyme Disease
Mayo Clinic. (2007). Lyme Disease. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/ > Search: Lyme Disease > Lyme Disease
Information on the introduction, signs & symptoms, causes, risk factors, when to seek medical help, screening and diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Lyme Disease
3. Rat-bite Fever
Medline Plus. (2005). Rat-bite Fever. Retrieved May 7, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > R > Rat-bite Fever
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of rat-bite fever.
4. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Medline Plus. (2005). Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://medlineplus.gov/ > Medical Encyclopedia > R > Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.
5. Toxoplasmosis
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Toxoplasmosis. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/index.htm > Search: Toxoplasmosis > Toxoplasmosis: Index | CDC Parasitic Diseases > Fact Sheet: Toxoplasmosis
Information on the definition, incidences, symptoms, who are the people at risk, what to do if at risk of severe toxoplasmosis or contracting toxoplasmosis, prevention, treatment, will infected cats be able to remain at home and will they always spread the disease to people.
6. Typhoid Fever
Medline Plus. (2005). Typhoid Fever. Retrieved May 9, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > To-Tz > Typhoid Fever
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of typhoid fever.
7. Typhus
Medline Plus. (2005). Typhus. Retrieved May 8, 2007, from www.medlineplus.gov > Medical Encyclopedia > To-Tz > Typhus
Information on the definition, causes, incidence, risk factors, symptoms, signs and tests, treatment of typhus.
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Charmaine~
Lizzie~
Adrian~
Joan~
Ye Tun~
Ai Tee~
Kent~
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